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Prevalence of cognitive impairments and strengths in the early course of psychosis and depression
- Alexandra Stainton, Katharine Chisholm, Siân Lowri Griffiths, Lana Kambeitz-Ilankovic, Julian Wenzel, Carolina Bonivento, Paolo Brambilla, Mariam Iqbal, Theresa K. Lichtenstein, Marlene Rosen, Linda A. Antonucci, Eleonora Maggioni, Joseph Kambeitz, Stefan Borgwardt, Anita Riecher-Rössler, Christina Andreou, André Schmidt, Frauke Schultze-Lutter, Eva Meisenzahl, Stephan Ruhrmann, Raimo K. R. Salokangas, Christos Pantelis, Rebekka Lencer, Georg Romer, Alessandro Bertolino, Rachel Upthegrove, Nikolaos Koutsouleris, Kelly Allott, Stephen J. Wood, PRONIA Consortium
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 13 / October 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 July 2023, pp. 5945-5957
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- Article
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Background
Studies investigating cognitive impairments in psychosis and depression have typically compared the average performance of the clinical group against healthy controls (HC), and do not report on the actual prevalence of cognitive impairments or strengths within these clinical groups. This information is essential so that clinical services can provide adequate resources to supporting cognitive functioning. Thus, we investigated this prevalence in individuals in the early course of psychosis or depression.
MethodsA comprehensive cognitive test battery comprising 12 tests was completed by 1286 individuals aged 15–41 (mean age 25.07, s.d. 5.88) from the PRONIA study at baseline: HC (N = 454), clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR; N = 270), recent-onset depression (ROD; N = 267), and recent-onset psychosis (ROP; N = 295). Z-scores were calculated to estimate the prevalence of moderate or severe deficits or strengths (>2 s.d. or 1–2 s.d. below or above HC, respectively) for each cognitive test.
ResultsImpairment in at least two cognitive tests was as follows: ROP (88.3% moderately, 45.1% severely impaired), CHR (71.2% moderately, 22.4% severely impaired), ROD (61.6% moderately, 16.2% severely impaired). Across clinical groups, impairments were most prevalent in tests of working memory, processing speed, and verbal learning. Above average performance (>1 s.d.) in at least two tests was present for 40.5% ROD, 36.1% CHR, 16.1% ROP, and was >2 SDs in 1.8% ROD, 1.4% CHR, and 0% ROP.
ConclusionsThese findings suggest that interventions should be tailored to the individual, with working memory, processing speed, and verbal learning likely to be important transdiagnostic targets.
21 - French poetry
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- By Stephen Romer, University of Tours
- Edited by Jason Harding, University of Durham
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- Book:
- T. S. Eliot in Context
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 31 March 2011, pp 211-220
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Summary
Among the many tributes that Eliot paid to the Baudelairean tradition in French poetry throughout his career, there is none more eloquent than the one he gave in 1933, in his third and final Turnbull Lecture. Speaking in particular of Jules Laforgue and Tristan Corbière, he extends his acknowledgements to other poets:
I know that when I first came across these French poets, some twenty-three years ago, it was a personal enlightenment such as I can hardly communicate. I felt for the first time in contact with a tradition, for the first time, that I had, so to speak, some backing by the dead, and at the same time that I had something to say that might be new and relevant. I doubt whether, without the men I have mentioned – Baudelaire, Corbière, Verlaine, Laforgue, Mallarmé, Rimbaud – I should have been able to write poetry at all.
(VMP, 287)Shortly afterwards he declares roundly: ‘The ultimate purpose, the ultimate value, of the poet's work is religious’ (VMP, 288). It is no accident that this declaration should follow so close upon the naming of his different French masters. True, the wider context is philosophical and/or metaphysical poetry, and the overarching figure is Dante, but it is in reference to the French (and to something he often referred to as the ‘French mind’) that Eliot so often, implicitly or explicitly, came to define his own choices on moral and aesthetic matters.
7 - ‘Esprit, Attente pure, éternel suspens …’: Valéry's prose poetry
- Edited by Paul Gifford, University of St Andrews, Scotland, Brian Stimpson, Roehampton Institute, London
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- Book:
- Reading Paul Valéry
- Published online:
- 04 August 2010
- Print publication:
- 21 January 1999, pp 121-137
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Summary
When Valéry came to classify his Cahiers into different thematic chapters, he devoted one to ‘Poèmes et PPA’, or ‘Petits poèmes abstraits’, with the sub-heading ‘Impressions — Sensibilia — Fragments / Ciels — Mers / Attitudes, croquis et Ciels-mer’. One might imagine from this description a writer's loose ends or occasional ‘sketches’, rather than what they are, the startlingly original, high-voltage prose poetry of a consummate artist.
The impression is strengthened if one turns to the tides Valéry gave to the prose poetry which he published during his lifetime. It forms a considerable bulk: we find ‘Mélange’, ‘Petites Etudes’, ‘Poésie brute’, ‘Colloques’, ‘Instants’, and in ‘Rhumbs’, itself a sub-heading of ‘Tel Quel’, we find, among other titles, ‘Au hasard et au crayon’, ‘Croquis’ and ‘Poésie perdue’. Valéry's curious mixture of deference and defiance in his various prefatory notes to these collections, suggests that the classification of these pieces was a source of anxiety, as for example the collection ‘Cahier B 1910’, which is offered up to the ‘monstrueux désirs des amateurs du spontané et des idées à l'état brut’ (Œ, ii, p. 571).
The source of his anxiety is not far to seek: Valéry, the author of an acknowledged formal masterpiece like La Jeune Parque, is presenting his public with what appear to be disordered fragments in a bewildering variety of genres – poems in free verse, prose poems, Socratic dialogues, aphorisms, ‘Moralités’, ideas for stories … how would they be received?